本文亮点:
一组小分子“鸡尾酒”能够将人类星形胶质细胞重编程为功能性神经元细胞
由人类星形胶质细胞转化得到的神经元能够在保持活性的状态下存活超过5个月
化学物质诱导的重编程是通过表观遗传和转录调控介导的
由人类星形胶质细胞转化得到的神经元能够融入小鼠的脑

近日,来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的华人科学家在国际学术期刊cell stem cell上发表了一项最新研究进展,他们利用小分子化合物成功地将神经胶质细胞重编程为具有功能的神经元细胞。
该研究团队在之前的研究中证明利用单个神经转录因子--NeuroD1能够将具有活性的神经胶质细胞重编程为具有功能的神经元细胞。
在这项研究中,研究人员利用一组小分子化合物成功地将培养的人类星形胶质细胞变为功能完全的神经元细胞。他们利用由九种小分子组成的化合物组合按顺序先后处理人类星形胶质细胞,结果发现这种处理能够抑制神经胶质细胞,但会激活神经信号通路,并且在8-10天内成功地将星形胶质细胞重编程为神经元细胞。
通过对其中的机制进行探究,研究人员发现这种化合物诱导的重编程是由表观遗传调控所介导,也有NEUROD1和NEUROGENIN2的转录激活参与。除此之外,研究人员还发现这种由星形胶质细胞转化得到的神经元细胞可以在培养条件下存活超过5个月,并会形成功能性突触网络,而这种细胞在小鼠的脑中也可存活超过1个月,并可以融入到神经局部环路中。
总的来说,这项研究为应用化合物对神经胶质细胞进行重编程以获得功能性神经元细胞开辟了新的道路。

Small Molecules Efficiently Reprogram Human Astroglial Cells into Functional Neurons
Lei Zhang, Jiu-Chao Yin, Hana Yeh, Ning-Xin Ma, Grace Lee, Xiangyun Amy Chen, Yanming Wang, Li Lin, Li Chen, Peng Jin, Gang-Yi Wucorrespondenceemail, Gong Chen
We have recently demonstrated that reactive glial cells can be directly reprogrammed into functional neurons by a single neural transcription factor, NeuroD1. Here we report that a combination of small molecules can also reprogram human astrocytes in culture into fully functional neurons. We demonstrate that sequential exposure of human astrocytes to a cocktail of nine small molecules that inhibit glial but activate neuronal signaling pathways can successfully reprogram astrocytes into neurons in 8-10 days. This chemical reprogramming is mediated through epigenetic regulation and involves transcriptional activation of NEUROD1 and NEUROGENIN2. The human astrocyte-converted neurons can survive for >5 months in culture and form functional synaptic networks with synchronous burst activities. The chemically reprogrammed human neurons can also survive for >1 month in the mouse brain in vivo and integrate into local circuits. Our study opens a new avenue using chemical compounds to reprogram reactive glial cells into functional neurons.