近日,来自英国的科学家在儿童神经母细胞瘤细胞中发现一种能够破坏机体免疫细胞关键能量来源的分子,由于这种分子的作用,机体免疫系统在对抗癌细胞的过程中逐渐被"拖垮",这项最新研究发表在国际学术期刊cancer research上。
儿童神经母细胞瘤是一种罕见的儿童癌症,能够影响患病儿童的神经细胞。在英国每年有大约90名病人被诊断出患有神经母细胞瘤,大部分都是年龄小于5岁的儿童。找到治疗神经母细胞瘤的方法对于挽救患病儿童生命具有重要意义。
在这项研究中,科学家们发现儿童神经母细胞瘤细胞能够合成一种分子,破坏精氨酸,而精氨酸是蛋白质合成的重要原材料同时也是免疫细胞的一种关键能量来源。癌细胞合成的这种分子是一种精氨酸酶,这种酶能够使肿瘤周围区域的精氨酸水平发生显著下降,一旦机体免疫细胞靠近肿瘤细胞,能量缺乏会使它们变得"乏力"和低效。
之前有研究发现在神经母细胞瘤细胞表面存在一种分子能够将它们与正常健康细胞区分开来,因此人们一度认为可以对免疫细胞进行"训练",达到识别并摧毁癌细胞的目的。但这项研究可能解释了为什么在利用免疫系统摧毁神经母细胞瘤细胞的道路上做出的早期努力至今没有取得成功。
研究人员指出,在对精氨酸的重要作用有了深入了解之后,我们或许可以利用这一发现激活免疫系统攻击癌细胞,但现在如何利用精氨酸开发治疗神经母细胞瘤的新药物,提高免疫疗法治疗效率仍存在很大挑战。
科学家们还需要在儿童神经母细胞瘤的药物开发和治疗方面做出更多努力。
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3443
Neuroblastoma Arginase Activity Creates an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment That Impairs Autologous and Engineered Immunity
Francis Mussai1,*, Sharon Egan2, Stuart Hunter1, Hannah Webber3, Jonathan Fisher4, Rachel Wheat1, Carmel McConville1, Yordan Sbirkov3, Kate Wheeler5, Gavin Bendle1, Kevin Petrie3, John Anderson4, Louis Chesler3, and Carmela De Santo
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and survival remains poor for patients with advanced disease. Novel immune therapies are currently in development, but clinical outcomes have not matched preclinical results. Here, we describe key mechanisms in which neuroblastoma inhibits the immune response. We show that murine and human neuroblastoma tumor cells suppress T-cell proliferation through increased arginase activity. Arginase II is the predominant isoform expressed and creates an arginine-deplete local and systemic microenvironment. Neuroblastoma arginase activity results in inhibition of myeloid cell activation and suppression of bone marrow CD34+ progenitor proliferation. Finally, we demonstrate that the arginase activity of neuroblastoma impairs NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor and GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. High arginase II expression correlates with poor survival for patients with neuroblastoma. The results support the hypothesis that neuroblastoma creates an arginase-dependent immunosuppressive microenvironment in both the tumor and blood that leads to impaired immunosurveillance and suboptimal efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches.