组蛋白除了用于形成核小体,帮助进行基因组的压缩包装,还在基因的激活和沉默过程中发挥重要作用。有研究发现一些儿科肿瘤中包含高频的组蛋白H3错义突变,但是其中的致癌机制仍然没有得到研究。
在这项最新研究中,研究人员发现组蛋白突变具有非比寻常的强大致癌能力。Lewis这样说道:"我们每个人都从父亲和母亲那里分别得到15个组蛋白基因拷贝,但谁也没想到组蛋白上发生的单个突变就足以导致癌症。"
在之前的工作中,研究人员发现组蛋白发生突变能够抑制一种叫做PRC2的酶,这种酶本身能够抑制基因表达。但是如果PRC2被组蛋白突变抑制,就失去了抑制基因表达的功能,从而导致基因异常表达。
这项最新的Science研究聚焦在组蛋白H3发生的K36M突变,该突变能够阻断干细胞向软骨,骨和脂肪方向的分化。当研究人员将这种突变插入到小鼠体内,会形成小儿肉瘤(结缔组织发生的癌症),研究人员认为可能是由于K36突变引起干细胞发育暂停所导致。
他们还对人类未分化肉瘤组织进行筛选,结果发现20%的样本中存在相同的K36突变。这表明在小鼠模型上观察到的现象也存在于人类。
这项研究首次证明了单个组蛋白基因突变会足以引起癌症发生,而其他在成年人肿瘤中出现的组蛋白基因突变在儿科癌症中都未出现。研究人员表示对特定癌症类型的深入了解能够帮助进行药物检测和筛选。鉴于组蛋白参与众多生理和病理过程,因此这项研究不仅对癌症研究有帮助,还对深入理解人类发育过程有重要启示。
Histone H3K36 mutations promote sarcomagenesis through altered histone methylation landscape
Chao Lu1, Siddhant U. Jain2,3, Dominik Hoelper2,3, Denise Bechet4, Rosalynn C. Molden5,6,*, Leili Ran7, Devan Murphy7, Sriram Venneti8, Meera Hameed9, Bruce R. Pawel10, Jay S. Wunder11,12, Brendan C. Dickson13,14, Stefan M. Lundgren2,3, Krupa S. Jani6, Nicolas De Jay4, Simon Papillon-Cavanagh4, Irene L. Andrulis13,14,15,16, Sarah L. Sawyer17, David Grynspan18, Robert E. Turcotte19, Javad Nadaf4, Somayyeh Fahiminiyah4, Tom W. Muir6, Jacek Majewski4, Craig B. Thompson20, Ping Chi7,21, Benjamin A. Garcia5, C. David Allis1,?, Nada Jabado4,22,?, Peter W. Lewis2
Several types of pediatric cancers reportedly contain high-frequency missense mutations in histone H3, yet the underlying oncogenic mechanism remains poorly characterized. Here we report that the H3 lysine 36-to-methionine (H3K36M) mutation impairs the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells and generates undifferentiated sarcoma in vivo. H3K36M mutant nucleosomes inhibit the enzymatic activities of several H3K36 methyltransferases. Depleting H3K36 methyltransferases, or expressing an H3K36I mutant that similarly inhibits H3K36 methylation, is sufficient to phenocopy the H3K36M mutation. After the loss of H3K36 methylation, a genome-wide gain in H3K27 methylation leads to a redistribution of polycomb repressive complex 1 and de-repression of its target genes known to block mesenchymal differentiation. Our findings are mirrored in human undifferentiated sarcomas in which novel K36M/I mutations in H3.1 are identified.