非酒精脂肪肝(NASH)是由于脂肪在肝脏的堆积进而引发脂肪变性与炎症反应的一类疾病,而脂肪变性本身是一个可逆的良性状态,因此,如何在脂肪变性阶段得到有效的控制,避免疾病的发展,是治疗该疾病的有效方案。
越来越多的实验与临床数据表明,血液中低浓度的细菌内毒素(LPS等)能够引发一系列的慢性炎症反应,其中包括非酒精的肝脏损伤,而内毒素是否参与了非酒精脂肪肝疾病恶化过程中肝脏的炎性反应,还没有直接的证据。对此,来自弗吉尼亚大学的Liwu Li实验室猜想血液中低剂量的LPS可能参与了肝脏的炎性反应,并最终促进了脂肪肝的形成。对此,他们进行了一系列的研究,相关结果发表在最近一期的《Journal of immunology》杂志上。
首先,他们通过小鼠体内实验发现,低剂量的LPS刺激能够引发脂肪在肝脏中的堆积。他们利用高脂饲料饲喂ApoE缺失突变体小鼠(一个实验用代谢疾病模型),同时分别向小鼠血液中注射低剂量的LPS或者PBS。组织染色结果显示,注射了LPS的小鼠肝脏中脂肪的堆积程度明显高于对照组。
另外,他们通过组织切片染色以及RT-PCR的方法发现:接种LPS的小鼠肝脏的炎症程度明显高于对照组。炎性因子(TNF-a,IL-6, MCP-1)的分泌量也都高于对照组。之后,作者利用免疫荧光实验分析了实验组与对照组之间中性粒细胞的浸润情况。结果显示,LPS注射组小鼠肝脏中出现了大量的中性粒细胞的浸润,而对照组则几乎没有这种现象。以上实验说明血液中极低浓度的LPS也能促进肝脏的炎性反应。
之后,作者通过TUNEL染色方法检测了肝脏细胞凋亡情况,发现实验组比对照组肝脏细胞凋亡比例较高;同时,RT-PCR实验结果也表明实验组细胞中与凋亡相关的蛋白质(FAS,FasL,Bax,Bcl-2)。
进一步,作者证明了LPS引导的中性粒细胞向肝脏的浸润是通过MAPK信号通过实现的。
综上,作者通过一系列体内外实验表明血液中的lps是促进肝脏脂肪堆积向脂肪肝转变的关键因子。
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Subclinical-Dose Endotoxin Sustains Low-Grade Inflammation and Exacerbates Steatohepatitis in High-Fat Diet–Fed Mice
Honghui Guo, Na Diao, Ruoxi Yuan, Keqiang Chen, Shuo Geng, Mingsong Li and Liwu Li
Subclinical circulating bacterial endotoxin LPS has been implicated as an important cofactor in the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that 4-wk injection with superlow-dose LPS significantly promoted neutrophil infiltration and accelerated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression, including exacerbated macrovesicular steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning in high-fat diet–fed apolipoprotein E knockout mice. This effect could sustain for a month after stoppage of LPS injection. LPS also significantly increased numbers of apoptotic nuclei in hepatocytes and expressions of proapoptotic regulators. Moreover, LPS sustained the low-grade activation of p38 MAPK and inhibited the expression of the upstream MAPK phosphatase 7. By applying selective inhibitors, we demonstrated that the activation of p38 MAPKs is required for neutrophil migration induced by superlow-dose LPS in vitro. Together, these data suggest that superlow-dose LPS may sustain the low-grade activation of p38 MAPKs and neutrophil infiltration, leading to the exacerbation of steatohepatitis.