克罗恩氏病与溃疡性结肠炎是两类临床上常见的炎症反应(immune bowel disease),主要表现为对肠道微生物异常的免疫反应。IL-1家族的细胞因子在炎症反应部位表达量都会上调,并促进炎症的恶化。然而,缺乏IL-1beta或IL-18的小鼠却表现出对DSS诱导的肠炎更为敏感的特性。因此,IL-1家族的蛋白对肠炎的发病具有复杂的调控作用。
之前的研究证明IL-36家族的蛋白从属于IL-1蛋白家族,而对于这一类蛋白在肠炎中的作用却很少有研究。最近,来自佐治亚州立大学的Timothy L. Denning在《jounral of immunology》杂志上发表文章揭示了细胞因子IL-36 gamma在小鼠肠炎的发生过程中的作用。
首先,作者分别对小鼠进行DSS处理(刺激肠炎的发生)或对照处理,并分析了肠道固有层中的巨噬细胞中各类基因的表达,最终,他们发现子啊经过DSS处理5天的小鼠肠道固有层的巨噬细胞中IL-36 gamma的表达量出现明显上调,同时,ELISA检测的结果也相符。为了找到IL-36 gamma产生的来源,作者分析了包括巨噬细胞,DC,肠道表皮淋巴细胞等等在内的多种细胞类型中IL-36 gamma的表达量。结果显示,相比于DC与肠道淋巴细胞,巨噬细胞与肠道表皮细胞分泌的IL-36 gamma表达量分别高达600倍与85倍。
之后,作者分析了肠道微生物在IL-36 gamma产生中的作用。结果显示,相比于野生型小鼠,无菌小鼠在DSS处理后的IL-36 gamma表达水平要低30倍左右。这一结果说明肠道微生物有助于IL-36 gamma在炎症反应中的产生。
为了研究清楚IL-36 gamma的生理功能,作者比较了野生型小鼠与IL-36 基因突变小鼠在炎症诱导之后的炎症反应程度。结果显示:相比于野生型小鼠,突变体小鼠的炎症反应程度都要明显增高,这一结果说明IL-36 gamma有助于缓解炎症反应并促进伤口愈合。之后,作者发现IL-22也会随着IL-36 gamma的表达而升高,而之前的研究证明IL-22能够促进肠道表皮细胞的恢复与再生,这一结过从另一方面证明了IL-36 gamma缓解炎症反应的作用。
综上,作者利用一系列体内实验证明了IL-36 gamma在肠道炎症反应中的保护作用。
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Cutting Edge: IL-36 Receptor Promotes Resolution of Intestinal Damage
Oscar Medina-Contreras, Akihito Harusato, Hikaru Nishio,Kyle L. Flannigan, Vu Ngo, Giovanna Leoni,4 Philipp-Alexander Neumann,Duke Geem, Loukia N. Lili, Ravisankar A. Ramadas,6 Benoit Chassaing,Andrew T. Gewirtz, Jacob E. Kohlmeier,Charles A. Parkos,Jennifer E. Towne,Asma Nusrat,and Timothy L. Denning
IL-1 family members are central mediators of host defense. In this article, we show that the novel IL-1 family member IL-36γ was expressed during experimental colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease. Germ-free mice failed to induce IL-36γ in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced damage, suggesting that gut microbiota are involved in its induction. Surprisingly, IL-36R-deficient (Il1rl2?/?) mice exhibited defective recovery following DSS-induced damage and impaired closure of colonic mucosal biopsy wounds, which coincided with impaired neutrophil accumulation in the wound bed. Failure of Il1rl2?/? mice to recover from DSS-induced damage was associated with a profound reduction in IL-22 expression, particularly by colonic neutrophils. Defective recovery of Il1rl2?/? mice could be rescued by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, which was sufficient to restore IL-22 expression and promote full recovery from DSS-induced damage. These findings implicate the IL-36/IL-36R axis in the resolution of intestinal mucosal wounds.