近日,一项刊登在国际杂志the Journal of Clinical Investigation上的研究报告中,来自哥伦比亚大学医学中心的科学家通过研究揭示了因A型链球菌感染诱发的免疫细胞如何进入大脑中,促进炎症最终导致患儿出现自身免疫性神经精神障碍;研究者对小鼠模型进行研究,发现免疫细胞可以通过鼻腔中的气味传感神经元进入大脑,而并不是通过直接突破血脑屏障来完成的,这对于后期开发诊断、监测及治疗相关障碍的新型方法提供了一定思路。
A型链球菌(化脓性链球菌)的复发型感染会引发脓毒性咽喉炎,这和自身免疫性神经精神障碍直接相关,尤其值得注意的是和链球菌感染相关的儿童自身免疫性神经精神障碍(PANDAS),患该疾病的儿童通常表现出图雷特综合征样的运动和发音痉挛或者以外的强迫观念行为表现。
化脓性链球菌的细胞壁包含着特殊的分子,而这些分子和心脏、肾脏及大脑组织中发现的分子非常相似,这些“模拟”的分子可以被免疫系统所识别,但由于分子模拟现象存在,抗体不仅会对细菌产生反应,还会对宿主组织产生反应,产生自身抗体来攻击机体自身组织;此前研究中,科学家们并不理解自身抗体如何获取通道进入到大脑中,因为来自血脑屏障的血管可以抑制分子、抗体及免疫细胞从血液向大脑中的自由运动。
很多年前,科学家们发现化脓性链球菌的复发型感染可以诱发Th17细胞的产生,Th17细胞是一种辅助细胞,目前研究者并不清楚Th17细胞如何引发大脑炎性及PANDAS患儿机体的症状。通过研究鼻内感染化脓性链球菌的组织,研究者就发现,细菌特异性的Th17细胞可以沿着气味传感神经元从鼻腔通过筛板进行运动,随后细胞就会到达大脑中的嗅球结构。
研究者Agalliu说道,一旦Th17细胞进入到大脑中,其就会损坏血脑屏障使得自身抗体和其它的Th17细胞进入到大脑中并且促进神经炎性反应;而且更有意思的是,研究者们还会在鼻腔中发现大量的化脓性链球菌,但其却并不能渗透入大脑中,这就是A型链球菌(化脓性链球菌)和B型链球菌的差异之处。
最后,研究者希望本文研究对于开发,针对PANDAS的新型诊断技术以及抵御化脓性链球菌感染的新型疗法提供一定思路和帮助,而目前他们还非常感兴趣致力于寻找可以通过修复血脑屏障来抑制自身抗体进入大脑,最终修复血脑屏障的新方法。
PMID:
Group A Streptococcus intranasal infection promotes CNS infiltration by streptococcal-specific Th17 cells
Thamotharampillai Dileepan1, Erica D. Smith2, Daniel Knowland2, Martin Hsu2, Maryann Platt3, Peter Bittner-Eddy1, Brenda Cohen1, Peter Southern1, Elizabeth Latimer4, Earl Harley5, Dritan Agalliu2,3, and P. Patrick Cleary1
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infection induces the production of Abs that cross-react with host neuronal proteins, and these anti-GAS mimetic Abs are associated with autoimmune diseases of the CNS. However, the mechanisms that allow these Abs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce neuropathology remain unresolved. We have previously shown that GAS infection in mouse models induces a robust Th17 response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Here, we identified GAS-specific Th17 cells in tonsils of humans naturally exposed to GAS, prompting us to explore whether GAS-specific CD4+ T cells home to mouse brains following i.n. infection. Intranasal challenge of repeatedly GAS-inoculated mice promoted migration of GAS-specific Th17 cells from NALT into the brain, BBB breakdown, serum IgG deposition, microglial activation, and loss of excitatory synaptic proteins under conditions in which no viable bacteria were detected in CNS tissue. CD4+ T cells were predominantly located in the olfactory bulb (OB) and in other brain regions that receive direct input from the OB. Together, these findings provide insight into the immunopathology of neuropsychiatric complications that are associated with GAS infections and suggest that crosstalk between the CNS and cellular immunity may be a general mechanism by which infectious agents exacerbate symptoms associated with other CNS autoimmune disorders.