近日,一项来自国际杂志Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences上的研究论文中,来自圭尔夫大学的研究人员通过研究揭示了雌激素影响大脑的分子机制,或可帮助理解雌激素如何影响女性大脑的认知和记忆能力。
文章中,研究者发现,将激素加入到雌鼠的大脑中可以帮助增强机体的短期记忆,这就类似于通过“用尽废退”的过程;他们表示,名为海马体的大脑区域可以对雌激素产生反应,同时还参与了大脑认知和记忆的过程。早期研究中研究人员发现,给予雌激素系统性注射的小鼠可以帮助改善自身的学习能力;本文研究中研究者将雌激素直接注射入海马体的特殊区域,随后在40分钟内记录大脑学习的能力改善情况。
研究人员通过检测被注射小鼠认识其他小鼠、物品或物品被移动的位置来评估小鼠的学习能力;大脑细胞可以将信号通过轴突传输到附近神经元分枝的脊髓中进而实现脑细胞间的沟通,当添加较多此技术的数分钟内,研究小组就发现大量的棘突触开始在神经元分枝上生长。同时研究者希望在更多的脊髓中观察到电活性,但其惊奇地发现这在治疗脑组织上却恰恰相反。
本文研究表明,绝经后的女性或卵巢被移除的女性都会被发现存在一定的认知和记忆问题;而本文研究揭示,增强雌激素水平或可给女性带来一定帮助,同时研究者警告说,雌激素替代疗法或许还和某些女性患癌风险增加直接相关;从理论上来讲,研究者很愿意鉴别出雌激素的机制来帮助改善个体的学习能力而并不是增加癌症风险,最后研究者指出,当前本文研究的结果对于阐明雌激素和大脑记忆之间的关联提供了一定的思路,也为开发治疗相关疾病的新型疗法提供了一定希望。
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Rapid increases in immature synapses parallel estrogen-induced hippocampal learning enhancements
Anna Phana,b,1, Sarah Suschkova,b, Luke Molinaroa,b, Kathryn Reynoldsa,b,2, Jennifer M. Lymera,b, Craig D. C. Baileyb,c, Lee-Ming Kowd, Neil J. MacLuskyb,c, Donald W. Pfaffd,3, and Elena Cholerisa,b,3
Dramatic increases in hippocampal spine synapse density are known to occur within minutes of estrogen exposure. Until now, it has been assumed that enhanced spinogenesis increased excitatory input received by the CA1 pyramidal neurons, but how this facilitated learning and memory was unclear. Delivery of 17β-estradiol or an estrogen receptor (ER)-α (but not ER-β) agonist into the dorsal hippocampus rapidly improved general discrimination learning in female mice. The same treatments increased CA1 dendritic spines in hippocampal sections over a time course consistent with the learning acquisition phase. Surprisingly, estrogen-activated spinogenesis was associated with a decrease in CA1 hippocampal excitatory input, rapidly and transiently reducing CA1 AMPA activity via a mechanism likely reflecting AMPA receptor internalization and creation of silent or immature synapses. We propose that estrogens promote hippocampally mediated learning via a mechanism resembling some of the broad features of normal development, an initial overproduction of functionally immature connections being subsequently “pruned” by experience.