
最近,在一项发表在国际学术期刊Nature Medicine上的研究中,来自美国麻省总医院的研究人员新发现四个microRNA在胆固醇和甘油三酯代谢过程中发挥重要调节作用,他们详细描述了这些microRNA究竟如何降低有益的HDL胆固醇合成,如何帮助具有堵塞血管风险的LDL胆固醇合成以及如何控制甘油三酯和其他心血管疾病风险因子的水平。
研究人员表示,在此项研究之前没有文章对人类疾病背景下非编码因子,比如microRNA在胆固醇和脂肪代谢运输方面所起的作用进行系统性研究,他们借助接近190,000人的人类基因数据,发现69个microRNA与胆固醇和甘油三酯水平异常有关,而其中4个可以控制参与代谢过程的已知蛋白表达。
人类基因组中只有不到2%的DNA能够编码蛋白,人们在很早之前认为剩余的98%DNA不具有功能,将其称之为"垃圾DNA"。现在科学家们发现这些"垃圾DNA"序列在决定蛋白编码DNA表达的时间,空间以及表达方式方面发挥重要调节作用。其中一个重要调节机制就是通过单链microRNA结合mRNA防止其翻译为蛋白质,从而阻断蛋白编码基因的表达。
在这项研究中,研究人员对超过188,000人的GWAS研究数据进行了分析,发现了69个表达microRNA的基因位于之前发现的与脂质异常有关的基因突变周围,随后他们利用一种工具预测了这些microRNA的靶向基因,筛选出4个microRNA能够调节参与胆固醇和甘油三酯水平调节以及其他代谢功能调节的基因表达。
研究人员最后表示,他们正在进行下一步研究,探究通过反义阻断的方式抑制这些microRNA的功能是否能够降低实验动物的动脉粥样硬化,心血管疾病以及炎症性脂肪肝等疾病发生,同时,他们还希望这些发现能够促进开发治疗和预防心血管疾病及其他代谢紊乱疾病的新方法。

Genome-wide identification of microRNAs regulating cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis
Alexandre Wagschal,S Hani Najafi-Shoushtari,Lifeng Wang,Leigh Goedeke,Sumita Sinha,Andrew S deLemos,Josh C Black,Cristina M Ramírez,Yingxia Li,Ryan Tewhey,Ida Hatoum,Naisha Shah,Yong Lu,Fjoralba Kristo,Nikolaos Psychogios,Vladimir Vrbanac,Yi-Chien Lu,Timothy Hla,Rafael de Cabo,John S Tsang,Eric Schadt,Pardis C Sabeti,Sekar Kathiresan,David E Cohen,Johnathan Whetstine,Raymond T Chung,Carlos Fernández-Hernando,Lee M Kaplan,Andre Bernards,Robert E Gerszten& Anders M N??r
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have linked genes to various pathological traits. However, the potential contribution of regulatory noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), to a genetic predisposition to pathological conditions has remained unclear. We leveraged GWAS meta-analysis data from >188,000 individuals to identify 69 miRNAs in physical proximity to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with abnormal levels of circulating lipids. Several of these miRNAs (miR-128-1, miR-148a, miR-130b, and miR-301b) control the expression of key proteins involved in cholesterol-lipoprotein trafficking, such as the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and the ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) cholesterol transporter. Consistent with human liver expression data and genetic links to abnormal blood lipid levels, overexpression and antisense targeting of miR-128-1 or miR-148a in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J and Apoe-null mice resulted in altered hepatic expression of proteins involved in lipid trafficking and metabolism, and in modulated levels of circulating lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides. Taken together, these findings support the notion that altered expression of miRNAs may contribute to abnormal blood lipid levels, predisposing individuals to human cardiometabolic disorders.