在细胞增殖期间,DNA经复制后将遗传物质传给子细胞。DNA复制错误,如果未经修复的话,能够导致基因突变。对单个有机体而言,一些DNA突变可能导致疾病,甚至是致命性的疾病。可靠的DNA修复系统存在于细胞中以便确保高效地校正复制错误,因而保护着基因保真度。然而,一小部分复制错误逃避DNA修复,成为进化的一个重要基础。表观遗传学研究可遗传的并不是由于DNA序列发生变化而产生的表型变化。事实上,细胞内的表观遗传系统也能够直接影响DNA序列。
在一项新的研究中,中国科学院生物物理研究所朱冰团队利用一种实验性进化方法,分析了粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)的野生型菌株和存在错配修复缺陷的突变型菌株中的突变率,其中粟酒裂殖酵母已进化了大约2000代。
他们发现在野生型粟酒裂殖酵母株中,异染色质区中的突变率要高于常染色质区(euchromatin),但是这种不一致性在存在错配修复缺陷的粟酒裂殖酵母株中减弱了。这表明细胞内的错配修复机制偏好地保护常染色质区中的基因保真度。
进一步的分析表明这种选择性是由不同染色质区中的染色质可接近性差异所决定的。他们也发现在存在错配修复缺陷的粟酒裂殖酵母和人结直肠癌样品中,突变率与染色质可接近性呈正相关。而且这种正相关在存在功能性错配修复机制的粟酒裂殖酵母和人结直肠癌样品中并没有观察到。
这项研究提供直接的证据证实表观遗传系统影响着基因保真度。
相关研究结果发表在2016年8月19日那期Journal of Biological Chemistry期刊上,论文标题为“Preferential Protection of Genetic Fidelity within Open Chromatin by the Mismatch Repair Machinery”。
Preferential Protection of Genetic Fidelity within Open Chromatin by the Mismatch Repair Machinery
Lue Sun, Yan Zhang§1, Zhuqiang Zhang§, Yong Zheng§, Lilin Du¶ and Bing Zhu
doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.719971
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PMID:
Epigenetic systems are well known for the roles they play in regulating the differential expression of the same genome in different cell types. However, epigenetic systems can also directly impact genomic integrity by protecting genetic sequences. Using an experimental evolutionary approach, we studied rates of mutation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains that lacked genes encoding several epigenetic regulators or mismatch repair components. We report that loss of a functional mismatch repair pathway in S. pombe resulted in the preferential enrichment of mutations in euchromatin, indicating that the mismatch repair machinery preferentially protected genetic fidelity in euchromatin. This preference is probably determined by differences in the accessibility of chromatin at distinct chromatin regions, which is supported by our observations that chromatin accessibility positively correlated with mutation rates in S. pombe or human cancer samples with deficiencies in mismatch repair. importantly, such positive correlation was not observed in S. pombe strains or human cancer samples with functional mismatch repair machinery.
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